Winter Spray Program

Winter is also your ideal opportunity to prune; deciduous fruit trees can be pruned as soon as all their leaves drop. As part of the pruning process, any leaf litter remaining under the tree should be tidied up and burned, as it can harbour disease spores and insect pests. Make sure to keep your pruning tools sharp and clean to improve hygiene and avoid spreading disease spores. It’s best to seal large pruning cuts with Yates PruneTec, as a barrier to prevent disease entering the wound. You can find more detail about pruning fruit trees here.

Stonefruit (plums, nectarines, peaches, cherries) and pipfruit (apples, pears) are treated differently, so we’ve included a spray program for both in the tables below.

When spraying fungicides, remember good coverage is essential, as they usually work by coating the plant surfaces with a protective barrier against spores and bacteria.

The spraying calendars below are primarily a preventative programme. It’s especially important to take these steps if you’ve had disease or pest problems in previous seasons. It’s best to tackle them before they affect new growth, or even spread to other trees.

Distorted and discoloured foliage on stone fruit trees, like peaches, nectarines and plums, is caused by a fungal disease called leaf curl. The tree ends up looking very sad and in severe cases it reduces the tree’s ability to photosynthesise, which in turn can affect plant health and fruit yield. Winter is the time to act to prevent this disease, so, get the sprayer ready!

• Leaf curl disease spores lurk in bark crevices and around leaf buds during winter, waiting to infect the newly emerging foliage in late winter and early spring
• Leaf curl is a disease that needs to be prevented by killing the disease spores before they infect the new leaves, as the damage done by leaf curl is irreversible

You can break the leaf curl disease cycle and prevent leaves from being affected by spraying fruit trees with Yates Liquid Copper. Spray while the trees are dormant, just before bud swell (see below for explanations of the different growth stages).

• Liquid Coppers unique formulation provides real advantages over conventional copper fungicides. The ultra-fine particle size provides a denser, more impenetrable protective barrier to disease infection, without the unsightly blue residue
• It’s rainproof 6-8 hours after application, while simple copper sprays tend to wash off in heavy rain and need to be reapplied
• It’s also much easier to mix and doesn't crystallise in the sprayer tank like conventional copper options, so it won't sludge up your spray nozzle

'Bud Swell' stage on a cherry tree

A winter application of Yates Lime Sulfur will also control stone fruit diseases like powdery mildew and rust, which lurk on fruit tree stems during winter, as well as overwintering mites and scale. It’s quite stinky (sulfur smells a bit like rotten eggs) and can stain (spray carefully), but it’s worth putting up with the hassle for the protection it offers. If you spray all the stems and trunk thoroughly before new foliage emerges, it helps give your trees a head-start in spring, so they can concentrate on producing a fantastic harvest.

• Don’t spray Lime Sulfur on evergreen plants though, as it will cause defoliation and leaf burn. This is actually a benefit with roses: if you spray during late May or early June it’ll cause them to drop their foliage and force them into dormancy. This is especially beneficial in areas with mild winters, where roses may not naturally enter dormancy
• Allow a 3-week gap before applying any other winter clean up products, like Yates Conqueror Oil or Yates Copper Oxychloride
• Yates Copper Oxychloride can be mixed with Conqueror Oil as a combination spray, to target pest insects and fungal spores. Apply every 2-3 weeks throughout June and July. Our tip for mixing Copper Oxychloride is add a little warm water to the powder first and mix it into a slurry, before adding the water
• Yates Liquid Copper is much easier to use than Copper Oxychloride, but it can’t be mixed with any other sprays as this will interfere with its barrier-forming properties. It’s best to time applications of Liquid Copper and Conqueror Oil a week apart

'Green Tip' bud stage on an apple tree

A tried and true spraying oil like Yates Conqueror Oil controls mites, scale and aphids on stonefruit, and it can be used all year round.

• Conqueror Oil works by smothering the eggs and larvae of insect pests
• Make sure to get complete coverage of the target tree
• Beneficial insects such as honey bees are unaffected

Yates Mavrik controls aphids and thrips on stonefruit. Mavrik also controls a wide range of insect pests on different plants, so it's a great 'go-to' product to have in your arsenal.

• Apply Mavrik at bud swell.
• For thrips, apply 2-3 times during flowering, but don’t apply Mavrik after flowering has finished
• Once the spray has dried, beneficial insects such as honey bees are unaffected

Yates Success Ultra is an advanced insecticide derived from fermented soil bacteria (Saccharopolyspora spinosa). It controls leaf rollers, thrips and oriental fruit moth on stonefruit.

• The active ingredient (Spinetoram) is absorbed by contact with the insect and ingestion while feeding 
• It also has a ”translaminar” mode of action, which allows it to penetrate the leaf cuticle and move into the leaf tissue; this enables it to move from the upper surface of the leaf to the underside, improving overall coverage
• A low toxic formulation, registered for use on edible plants

Yates Lime Sulfur controls pipfruit diseases like powdery mildew, black spot and rust, which lurk on fruit tree stems during winter, as well as overwintering mites and scale.

Applying Yates Liquid Copper to fruit trees just before bud burst and again after flowering will help to control any disease spores that have settled on the tree.

Yates Fungus Fighter controls powdery mildew, black spot and rust on apples, grapes and ornamentals (also lawns). Because it’s systemic, it works to combat diseases from within the plant. This gives it both curative and protective properties.

Yates Success Ultra effectively controls codling moth, pear and cherry slug and oriental fruit moth on apples and pears. Timing is important for codling moth control: spring flowers are the trigger for starting control measures. As soon as the petals start to fall, it’s time to act.

• Begin spraying apple and pear trees every 14 days, from petal fall
• There can be several generations of codling moth between flowering and harvest, hence the need for regular ongoing spraying

'Pink' bud stage on an apple tree

Growth Stages Explained: What to Look Out For

• Dormant: This stage describes the period when fruit buds aren’t active during the winter season (this applies to all fruit trees).
• Bud Swell: This is the period when fruit buds become swollen looking, with their scales separating to uncover glimpses of lighter coloured bud underneath.
• Bud Burst: This describes the stage where the fruit buds have broken at their tips, with the blossom buds just peeping through. In apples and pears, this stage is called Green Tip.
• Pink: This applies only to apple and peach trees. For apples, it’s the time when all blossom buds in each cluster are pink, with stems fully extended. For peaches, it’s when the blossom bud shows a pink tip.
• Full Bloom: When the blossom buds are fully open (applies to all fruit trees).
• Petal Fall: After about 75% of the petals have dropped off (applies to all fruit trees).
• Fruit Set: This is the brief stage after flowering, when it becomes easily visible which blossoms have successfully set fruit (applies to all fruit trees).

Fruit Set stage on an apple tree

Practical Spraying Tips

Sprays should be used alongside best growing practices, like good pruning hygiene (cleaning your tools), sealing pruning wounds and removing infected fruit and leaves.

• Read the instructions on the label before mixing
• Mix up only as much as you need for the job
• Spray in the early morning or late afternoon
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment: N95 rated mask (medical masks don’t give you much protection), gloves, eye protection, a long-sleeved shirt, long trousers and covered shoes
• Clean your sprayer after use
• Always wash your hands after spraying